Viggo Pettersen 1 , Torbjørn M Eggebø 2

1 University of Stavanger, Department of Music and Dance, Stavanger

2 Stavanger University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Stavanger

Scientific abstract

Introduction: This study will by ultrasound imaging (USI) investigate the movement of the diaphragm (DPH) during classical singing. Due to the complex structures of the DPH both the anterior and dorsal sections of the DPH will be investigated.
Material and method: The movement of the anterior section is surveyed by performing a transabdominal scan from the right hypochondrium. The movement of the dorsal section is surveyed by examining the movement of the left kidney
Results: We conclude that USI is a promising tool for surveying the movement of DPH. Especially the frontal part is easily assessed, however, also the dorsal part may indirectly be surveyed by USI of the movement of the left. The results will be discussed.

David Howard 1 , Jude Brereton 1

1 University of York, Electronics, York

When an SATB quartet sings a capella their pitch centre can drift since they perform in non-equal temperament. When the music modulates away from the starting key and back again later in the piece, the starting and ending keys (usually the same) will not be in tune with each other if the overall pitch has shifted. This study follows previous work that has established that this shift is found in a capella performance of specially written exercises. The purpose of the present study was to investigate music in the repertoire where pitch drift can be predicted and expected if the piece is sung in-tune and the hypothesis is tested with a semi-professional quartet. The fundamental frequencies for each singer of a quartet were derived from four electrolaryngographs and analysis is carried out using a spreadsheet. It is suggested that conductors and choral leaders need to be aware of this effect and have a strategy for dealing with it in rehearsal and performance.

Allan Vurma 1

1 Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre, Musicology, Tallinn

Lieve Jansen 1 , Felix de Jong 2 , Wivine Decoster 2

1 Lemmensinstituut, , Leuven

2 K.U.Leuven, Expertisecentrum Stem, Leuven

Claudia Manfredi 1,2 , Leonardo Bocchi 1 , Marcello Calisti 1 , Nicola Vanello 3 , Giovanna Cantarella 4 , Lucia Mazzei 5 , Massimo Sardi 5

1 Università degli Studi di Firenze, Electronics and Telecommunications, Firenze

2 Spedali Civili, , Brescia

3 Università degli Studi di Pisa, Department of Electronics, Informatics and Telecommunications, Pisa

4 Università degli Studi di Milano, Otolaryngology Department, Milano

5 Fiesole School of Music, , Fiesole

Gillyanne Kayes 1 , Sara Harris 1,2

1 Vocal Process & Institute of Education, Culture and Pedagogy, London

2 Queen Mary's Hospital, , Kent, London